After database upgrade from 19c to 23c, connection in Direct mode gives "NET: Invalid input arguments" error

After database upgrade from 19c to 23c, connection in Direct mode gives "NET: Invalid input arguments" error

Hello,

A user has a database that was upgraded from 19c to 23c.

When the database was on 19c, he could connect using our application (using ODAC in DIRECT mode).  Then the database was upgraded to 23c, and now he gets the above error.

He says that he can successfully connect to the 23c database if he uses an Oracle client, but not in DIRECT mode.

He can still connect to other databases in DIRECT mode, just not the upgraded one.

I cannot reproduce the problem using a 23c database that was a fresh install (not an upgrade).

What can cause this problem?

Thank you.